Olympic Hockey Fans

Tuesday, 13 December 2011

Hockey – Field Hockey Growth

Field Hockey or Hockey is a stick and ball team sport in which a team of players attempts to score goals by hitting, pushing or flicking a ball into an opposing team's goal using sticks. Hockey is traditionally played on grass, but more often it is played on synthetic surfaces. It is most commonly known simply as "hockey" however, the name field hockey is used in countries in which the word hockey is generally reserved for another form of hockey, such as ice hockey or street hockey.

Field Hockey was refused to include in 1924 Olympic. Paris organizers refused to hockey on the basis of that the sport had no International governing body and hockey was reinstated. The French Association followed soon after, but this was not considered sufficient.

Field Hockey took its most important forward step in 1924 when the International Hockey Federation, the world governing body for the sport was founded in Paris under the initiative of Frenchman and Paul Leautey. Mr. Leautey, who would become the first President of the FIH, was motivated to action following hockey's omission from the program of the 1924 Paris Games.

Mr. Leautey called together representatives from seven National Federations to form the sport's international governing body, the Federation Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon. The six founding members, which represented both men's and women's hockey in their countries, were Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland.

The growth of the International Hockey Federation from its early beginnings has been most impressive. Denmark joined in 1925, the Dutch men in 1926, Turkey in 1927, and in 1928 the year of the Amsterdam Olympics Germany, Poland, Portugal and India joined. India's addition marked the membership of the first non-European country.

International Hockey Federation

By 1964, there were already 50 countries affiliated with the FIH, as well as three Continental Associations - Africa, Pan America and Asia - and in 1974, there were 71 members. Today, the International Hockey Federation consists of five Continental Associations, Europe and Oceania have since joined and 127 member associations.

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Hockey – Field Hockey Overall History

Field Hockey or Hockey is a stick and ball team sport in which a team of players attempts to score goals by hitting, pushing or flicking a ball into an opposing team's goal using sticks. Hockey is traditionally played on grass, but more often it is played on synthetic surfaces. It is most commonly known simply as "hockey" however, the name field hockey is used in countries in which the word hockey is generally reserved for another form of hockey, such as ice hockey or street hockey.

Field Hockey has a long history around the world. The roots of hockey are buried deep in antiquity. Historical records show that a crude form of hockey was played in Egypt 4,000 years ago and in Ethiopia around 1,000 BC. Various museums offer evidence that a form of the game was played by Romans and Greeks, and by the Aztec Indians in South America several centuries before Columbus landed in the New World. Historical records show that game was played in various antique civilizations, although it is not possible to know exactly when and where the game began. The modern game of hockey evolved in England in the mid-18th century, primarily around schools.

The first men's hockey club in southeast London.

The first Hockey club was formed in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, but the modern rules grew out of a version played by Middlesex cricket clubs for winter sport. Teddington Hockey Club formed the modern game by introducing the striking circle and changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube. The Hockey Association was founded in 1886. The first international took place in 1895 between Ireland and Wales, Ireland won by 3-0 and the International Rules Board was founded in 1900. It was dropped in 1924, leading to the foundation of the Federation Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon (FIH) as an international governing body by seven continental European nations, and hockey was reinstated in 1928. Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970.

The first Olympic Hockey Competition for men was held in London in 1908 with England, Ireland and Scotland competing separately. After having made its first appearance in the 1908 Games, hockey was subsequently dropped from the 1912 Stockholm Games, and reappeared in 1920 in Antwerp before being omitted again in Paris in 1924. The Paris organizers refused to include hockey in Olympic on the basis that the sport had no International governing body and hockey was reinstated in 1928. The French Association followed soon after, but this was not considered sufficient.

Olympic 1908

Hockey had made its first steps toward an International Federation when in 1909 the Hockey Association in England and the Belgium Hockey Association agreed to mutually recognize each other to regulate international hockey relations. The French Association followed soon after, but this was not considered sufficient.

Hockey took its most important step forward in 1924 when the International Hockey Federation, the world governing body for the sport, was founded in Paris under the initiative of Frenchman, Paul Leautey. Mr. Leautey, who would become the first President of the FIH, was motivated to action following hockey's omission from the program of the 1924 Paris Games. Mr. Leautey called together representatives from seven National Federations to form the sport's international governing body, the Federation Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon. The six founding members, which represented both men's and women's hockey in their countries, were Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland.

Irish Senior Cup

The two oldest trophies are the Irish Senior Cup, which 1st XI teams compete for, and the Irish Junior Cup. Hockey had been taken to India and the first club was formed in Calcutta in 1885. The Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament commenced within ten years. In 1928 Olympics India won all five games without conceding a goal and won from 1932 until 1956 and then in 1964 and 1980. Pakistan won in 1960, 1968 and 1984.

In the early 1970s artificial turf began to be used. Synthetic pitches changed most aspects of hockey, gaining speed. New tactics and techniques such as the Indian dribble developed, followed by new rules to take account. The switch to synthetic surfaces ended Indian and Pakistani domination because artificial turf was too expensive comparison to the wealthier European countries and since the 1970s Australia, The Netherlands and Germany have dominated at the Olympics from 2011-2012.

Artificial Field Hockey Turf

Women's hockey was first played at British universities and schools, and the first club, Molesey Ladies, was founded in 1887. The first national association was the Irish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894 and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's hockey grew quickly in many countries and in 1927, the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was formed. The founding members were Australia, Denmark, England, Ireland, Scotland, South Africa, the United States and Wales. After celebrating their respective Golden Jubilees, the FIH in 1974 and the IFWHA in 1980, the two organizations came together in 1982 to form the FIH, but this allowed the introduction of women's hockey to the Olympic Games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, The Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics.

Victorious: Argentina beat Holland to become world champions in Rosario

Carla Rebecchi scored twice as Argentina were crowned women's hockey world champions for the second time beating holders Holland 3-1 in the World Cup final.

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Tuesday, 14 June 2011

Hockey - Modern Hockey

A game called hockey was being played in English public schools in the early 19th century. Hockey's popularity increased with that of other team games. A version of the game played in south-east London was rougher than the modern version, played on a very large field (247m by 64m), and used a cube of black rubber and rough sticks planed on one side. The modern game was developed on the other side of London by Middlesex cricket clubs.

The members of these clubs, especially Teddington Hockey Club, were looking for winter exercise, but did not particularly care for football. In 1871, members of the Teddington cricket club, who had recently moved to play in Bushy Park, were looking for a winter activity. They experimented with a ‘stick’ game, based loosely on the rules of association football. Teddington played the game on the smooth outfield of their cricket pitch and used a cricket ball, so allowing smooth and predictable motion. By 1874 they had begun to draw up rules for their game, including banning the raising of the stick above shoulder height and stipulating that a shot at goal must take place within the circle in front of it. An association was formed in 1875, which dissolved after seven years, but in 1886 the Hockey Association was formed by seven London clubs and representatives from Trinity College, Cambridge. Blackheath were one of the founder members, but refused to accept the rules drawn up by the other clubs and left to found the National Hockey Union. The Union failed, but the Association grew rapidly.

They rejected a form of the game that involved a 7oz (200g) rubber cube, catching, marking and scrimmaging, based on rugby football, at the time favoured by the Blackheath club. The Teddington club chose to limit the number per side to eleven, and preferred to play with old cricket balls. They also introduced the idea of the striking circle (‘the dee’ or 'D'), and they played several games in Bushy Park, in the winter of 1871. Clubs were also set up in Richmond and Surbiton in 1874, and inter-club matches were played between them and Teddington. The game grew sporadically, as the clubs didn’t always agree on the rules!

In the late 19th century, largely due to the British Army, the game spread throughout the British Empire, leading to the first international competition in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0). The International Rules Board was founded in 1895, and hockey first appeared at the Olympic Games as a men's competition at 1908 Olympic Games in London, with only three teams: England, Ireland and Scotland. Men's hockey became a permanent fixture at the Olympics at the 1928 Olympic Games, at Amsterdam.

The first step towards an international structuring occurred in 1909, when England and Belgium agreed to recognize each other for international competitions, soon joined in by the French federation. In 1924, the International Hockey Federation (FIH, Fédération Internationale de Hockey) was founded in Paris, under the initiative of the French man, Paul Léautey, as a response to hockey's omission from the 1924 Paris Game. The founding members were Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain, and Switzerland. The development of the FIH owes a lot to the work of Réné George Frank, a Belgian, in the years after the Second World War until the 1970's. Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970, when the Hockey Association joined and the International Rules Board became part of the FIH's structure.

The International Hockey Federation has continued to grow and now consists of 112 member associations, spread around five continents. The game had been taken to India by British servicemen, and the first clubs formed there in Calcutta in 1885. The Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament had commenced within ten years. Entering the Olympic Games in 1928, India won all five of its games without conceding a goal, and went on to win in 1932 until 1956, and then in 1964 and 1980. Pakistan won in 1960, 1968, and 1984.

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Hockey - Evolution of Hockey in West

In the Middle Ages, hockey-like games were played throughout Europe, cambuca (or comocke or cammock; compare modern camogie) in England, shinty in Scotland, jeu de mail in France, and het kolven in the Netherlands. There are various depictions in cathedral windows (Canterbury and Gloucester), a book (Decretal of Gysors), and other artifacts. Clubbes, hurl-bat, shinnops, jowling, baddins, and doddorts were all games played in different parts of England. Both Edward III and Richard II tried to ban cambuca and bandy-ball as an interference with archery practice.

The origin of the word hockey is obscure. Hockie was forbidden in the Statutes of Galway in 1527. The word may derive from comocke and the Anglo-Saxon word for 'hook', hok; alternatively, it may come from the French word for a shepherd's crook, hocquet.

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Hockey - Field Hockey History

Games similar to field hockey have a long history around the world. The modern standard variant of field hockey was developed in nineteenth century England. Games where teams attempt to place a ball or puck into their opponent's goal using sticks have been found throughout history and the world. Historical records show that game was played in various antique civilizations, although it is not possible to know exactly when and where the game began.

4,000-year-old drawings found in the Beni Hasan tombs, in the Nile Valley, Egypt depicted men playing the sport. Other traces show that the Persians, the Romans (a version called paganica) , the Ethiopians, as well as the Aztecs were playing their own variation of the game. The first evidence of a team game was found on bases of statues that were part of the wall built by Themistocles in 478 B.C. Six men are carrying hooked sticks, two of which are opposing each other over a ball in what looks like the bully that starts modern games.

The Irish game of hurling dates from at least 1272 B.C. In Inner Mongolia, China, the Daur people have been playing Beikou (a game similar to modern field hockey) for about 1,000 years. European settlers in Chile in the 16th century described a hockey-like game of the Araucano Indians called chueca (or 'the twisted one' from the twisted end of the stick used by players). In Western Australia, early white settlers witnessed Noongar people played a game called dumbung, in which bent sticks were used to hit a ball made of dried sap from the native peartree.

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Hockey - Field Hockey

http://www.sportticketexchange.com/olympic-games/olympic-hockey-tickets/Field Hockey, or Hockey, is a team sport in which a team of players attempts to score goals by hitting, pushing or flicking a ball into an opposing team's goal using sticks. It is most commonly known simply as "hockey;" however, the name field hockey is used in countries in which the word hockey is generally reserved for another form of hockey, such as ice hockey or street hockey.

The International Hockey Federation (FIH) is the global governing body. It organizes events such as the Hockey World Cup and Women's Hockey World Cup. The Hockey Rules Board under FIH produces rules for the sport. Hockey has several regular international tournaments for both men and women. These include the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games, the quadrennial Hockey World Cups, the annual Champions Trophies and World Cups for juniors.

Many countries have extensive club competitions for junior and senior players. Despite the large number of participants; hockey is thought to be the field team sport with the third largest number of participants worldwide (the first being association football and second being Cricket). Club hockey is not a large spectator sport and few players play as full-time professionals. Hockey is a sport played internationally by both males and females.

In countries where winter prevents play outdoors, hockey is played indoors during the off-season. This variant, indoor field hockey, differs in a number of respects. For example, it is 6-a-side rather than 11, the field is reduced to approximately 40 m x 20 m; the shooting circles are 9m; players may not raise the ball outside the circle nor hit it. The sidelines are replaced with barriers to rebound the ball.

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Hockey - Ice Hockey

Ice Hockey is a team sport played on ice, in which skaters use their sticks to hit a puck into the opponent's net. It is a fast-paced physical sport. Ice hockey is most popular in areas that are sufficiently cold for natural reliable seasonal ice cover, such as Canada, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the northern latitudes of the United States.

With the advent of indoor artificial ice rinks it has become a year-round pastime in these areas. In North America, the National Hockey League (NHL) is the highest level for men and both the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) are the highest levels for women. Ice Hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity.

While there are 68 total members of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), 162 of 177 medals at the IIHF World Championships have been taken by seven nations: Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 64 medals awarded in men's competition at the Olympic level from 1920 on, only six did not go to the one of those countries. All 12 Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women's Championships medals have gone to one of those seven countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been won by either Canada or the United States.

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